Malaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Malaria - Research Paper Example The paper attempts to explore the type of microbes that cause malaria; symptoms of malaria; the system it affects and the cellular and molecular mechanism of malaria along with the key proteins involved in this process. The paper also aims at exploring the efficacy of drugs for the treatment of various forms of malaria and the challenges ahead due to drug resistance developed by malarial parasites. Microbes Responsible for Malaria As such many microbes are responsible causing malaria; however, the important ones are plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum causing malaria in most part of the world (World Malaria Report). Symptoms of Malaria Usual symptoms of malaria are shivering, fever, vomiting and headache and likely to appear only after a week or two after the mosquito bite. In case of cerebral malaria, clinical symptoms resemble considerably to the symptoms that arise from meningitis and pneumonia and therefore malaria microscopy cannot help there much as a diagnostic tool for clinical management. If not treated in time, malarial parasites can cause death as it disintegrates red cells and disrupts supply of blood to the major organs of the body (World Health Organization). Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plasmodium At cellular level plasmodium performs two major actions. Erythrocyte invasion is the first action that plasmodium finishes at the cellular level. After invasion it modifies erythrocytes to make them fit for habitat (Wiser). Plasmodium is known to have three invasive forms such as merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite. It will be worth pondering on the erythrocyte invasion of merozoites. Merozoites take no time to enter erythrocytes because erythrocyte is the preferred host cell type. The invasion is a complicated process but it passes through four steps and that can be described as Merozoite binding; Erythrocyte deformation and reorientation; Junction formation and parasite entry (Wiser). Though several merozoite surface proteins participate in the action, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is the prominent of all. Moreover, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) also participates in the whole process of targeting sporozoites. After binding to the erythrocyte is complete, the 'apical end of the parasite' gets aligned with erythrocyte membrane. This also results into erythrocyte deformation. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is involved in the realignment process. Specialized apical organelles called micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are involved in the invasive process of parasites. With the invasion of parasite, the apical organelles are spewed out indicating that organelles do play some role in invasion. It has been established that micronemes are spewed out as the contact between the parasite and host takes place. The rhoptries are discharged after the micronemes. Once the parasite completes its entry, dense granules are released modifying the host cell (Wiser). Specific Interactions and Junction Formation Formati on of junction, between the parasite and host cell, takes place once microneme discharge is complete. That means microneme proteins play important role in junction formation (Wiser). Key Proteins Involved in the Process a) Duffy-binding protein (DBP) from P. vivax; b) A 175 kDa 'erythrocyte binding antigen' (EBA-175) from P. falciparum; c) Plasmodium sporozoite surface protein-2 (SSP2). It is also called TRAP (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein). The parasite undergoes metamorphosis when it enters erythrocyte. During this time,

Economic revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic revolution - Essay Example The new system aimed to represent every social group in administrating the interaction as it directs the new economic relations that resulted from social production. This had then paved the way to fundamental changes in humanity. Man’s primitive individualistic nature had made the development into a society quite a struggle. On the contrary his weakness and egotistical character drive him to acquire help that oblige him to cooperate with the same specie in order to survive. This was very evident in the ancient culture wherein food serves as their main necessity that binds individuals into a hunting tribe. But with the changing world, man’s needs and desires likewise moves toward something higher. As civilization advances man’s original nature was inevitably revealed, exposing a self-centered creature that he actually is. If individualism would prevail, diversity and disorganization would surely disrupt the society including its fundamentals such as industrialization. With that danger, man had come up with ways to prevent such disaster. Tradition had been used to preserve the society by obliging the succeeding generations to adhere to the previous kin’s occupation. At some part, it had to use authoritarian rule to defend its existence forcing people to work on their assigned task; this greatly refers to politics. Then came â€Å"market system† courtesy of economics. Market system secured the existence of the society by giving liberty to its people to do what they think would lead to their monetary advantage. The idea of gain lures its people to follow a central guiding rule without the need for tradition or authority. Being a systemic process that promotes interaction between its people as buyer or seller it had succeed to operate effectively into a social framework. Intelligently dealing with man’s individualistic nature it creatively answers the problem of

Exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam questions - Essay Example They include introduction, research questions and objectives, literature review, methodology, results and findings, discussion and conclusions. Introduction provides background of the study and the statement of the problem. Before carrying out a research, researchers need to identify the problem to be solved. Researches are used in developing solutions to particular problems. In order to create a deeper understanding on the problem, the background of the study will provide a synopsis of some of the theoretical aspects involved within the study. The second section is research questions and objectives. Once a research problem has been identified, researchers have to develop various objectives/aims attainable at the end of the research. Whilst attaining such aims or objectives, there are questions that researchers need to develop and provide their answers. It is in answering research questions that research objectives are attained. Literature review is a section that provides short desc ription as well as critical evaluation of previous works related to the topic of study. Literature review section in most cases surveys scholarly articles, books, and other relevant materials whilst aiming at offering an overview of the importance of such works on the topic of study. Methodology defines the overall plan and materials applicable in conducting the research. Methodology section usually involves population under study, sampling methods, data collection, analysis, and presentation methods. Through this section, researchers are able to chronologically state how the study was conducted. Results and findings involve displaying of collected data from the sample. Here, the researcher provides all the results and information found during the research. It is important to provide results and findings since they form the basis or evidence of making discussion and conclusions. Discussion and conclusions section is the last of the six, which uses the results and findings to critica lly analyze the concepts of the study. Based on the topic of research, discussions and conclusions aim at providing an in-depth analysis of the data obtained in a view to answering research questions and attaining research objectives. In most case, conclusions of researches are accompanied by generalizations and recommendations. Part 2 Research in an academic journal article is likely to differ from research presented in a daily newspaper. Firstly, research in a journal article is likely to have the aforementioned six parts; introduction, research questions and objectives, literature review, methodology, results, discussions and conclusion, which are not likely to be found in daily newspaper research. Whereas daily newspaper researches reports aim at presenting what occurred in a given scenario, research reports on journal articles will always identify the problem within a scenario whilst developing appropriate solutions. Notably, research reports in daily newspaper will not provide a discussion of other works in relation to the topic of discussion whereas research reports in journal articles will have to identify what previous studies indicated on the topic. It is also evident that while research reports in daily newspapers do not provide a general idea of a given topic, the research reports in academic journal articles will always present a general view of the problem under scrutiny. Daily newspaper reports may not entail serious ethical standards like consent from the participants but for reports on